Welcome to the forum. Please take a minute to add your location to your profile. It gives context to your posts and allows others to give you better answers. Bikes are different in the US than in the EU and Canada in some cases.
That item description says "Total 60W QC3.0 5A" That's a rating of 60 watts and 5 amps draw. The factory power port is only rated for 3 amps. You may have blown the fuse, (or it may have already been blown). It should have worked fine as long as the draw didn't exceed 3 amps. It's pretty common for people to plug in an air pump and blow the fuse.
It's important that you understand that the power port is not a DC adapter, per se. The entire bike is 12V DC power in terms of function. You are adapting from 12V to ~5V with the item you purchased to charge your phone.
Check for power at the power port on the bike with some other low draw 12V item if you have one. Otherwise check/replace the 3amp fuse and your adapter should work. Just remember the 3 amp rating for that circuit. The wiring is very small gauge and you shouldn't install a higher rated fuse, (some people do), as it can eventually melt the wiring with too high a draw.
If you don't have the owner's manual, here is a link to one you can download for free -
LINK Page 6-28 shows the fuse box under cowling A, which is the right side lower cowling with the four quick release fasteners requiring a 4mm allen wrench. There should be an allen wrench clipped to the bottom of the rider seat on the bike as well.
Hope that helps.
