Quickest way to stop:
1) Threshold braking: this is the point JUST BEFORE locking the wheel, at the limit point of slip (approx 15% for most vehicles, but Checkwrecks will confirm as he is involved in collision forensics)
2) ABS: the braking force has exceeded the the limit of grip, so takes marginally longer than threshold braking. ABS allows steering and, as has already been stated, is the savior of those with less sensitive technique. (I believe ABS leaves a very slight scuffing of tyre compound on the road surface...Checkwrecks?)
3) Cadence (ABS off/non ABS): rhythmically locking and releasing the wheels. This is easier in cars than bikes, but is similar to a very undeveloped ABS and allows steering and is helpful in build up of material (snow/gravel) on loose surfaces to decrease stopping distances. ABS is not good on snow/gravel as many know.
4) Skidding (ABS off/non ABS): takes the longest distance to stop as the tyre is sliding over and not gripping into the road surface.
Other techniques that affect stopping distances are hint: milliseconds prior to fully applying the brakes for maximum retardation a small "hint" prepares the suspension, brakes and tyres for what is about to transpire, reducing stopping distances slightly. Modulation - at high speeds the brakes can be applied with extremely high force without risk of locking (when straight). It is only as the speed is scrubbed off that the pressure needs to be modulated in order to get the maximum speed reduction (threshold) and not lock up/activate ABS.
In an emergency and often in inclement conditions ABS is a life a life saver. All bets are off. hint, threshold, modulation etc, all goes out of the window and just getting the thing slowed down is the key - that is when ABS is in its element.